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EN 18168:2026

Ambient air - Biomonitoring with higher plants - Method of the standardized rye-grass exposure

Edition date: 2026-04-15
In Force
Available languages: English, French
Summary: This document gives guidance on the procedure for the bioaccumulation of substances liable to cause atmospheric pollution. This is done by using the grass species Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum designated hereafter as Italian rye-grass. It is an active biomonitoring approach insofar as the plants used are first cultivated in set conditions before being exposed at the monitoring locations in the field. The plants then record any pollution events that occur while they are being exposed, allowing such events to be accurately dated. The document specifies a method for identification and localization of one or more single pollution sources and the tracking of their "plume" on a local or regional scale. The method described also offers a tool to monitor sites in the long term by the repeated application of a clearly defined procedure and to describe the local or regional air pollution situation. The method described in this document is applicable to solid and gaseous substances deposited on plants, where they can accumulate on their surface or in their tissues. These substances include sulphur, chloride, fluoride and especially metals as well as low volatile organic and halo-organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzo furans (PCDF). It is as well possible to verify pesticides which are used in plant protection products. The range of potential substances can be expanded according to the task at hand and the capabilities of conducting trace analyses and assessment. The method described in this document allows spatial and temporal comparisons and allows for screening, thus providing a first indication of risk. The results of grass culture studies can suggest risks to biota (e.g. via the food chain) which require further investigation. The method described in this document does not replace physico-chemical methods of direct measurement or modelling of air pollutants and cannot be replaced by them for its part; it complements them by indicating biological effects. Potential areas of deployment are: - permit procedures related to air pollution legislation; - preservation of evidence related to the code for protection from pollution; - monitoring of emission sources and performance control; - assessment of local-scale emission transport; - evidence of causation, e.g. related to environmental liability; - air quality maintenance plans/strategies; - long-term monitoring of ecological effects of atmospheric depositions; - detection and assessment of local, regional, and countrywide effects of atmospheric depositions; - assessment of risks for humans and/or animals via the food chain. This document is of interest to those involved in environmental monitoring.

Le présent document donne des recommandations relatives à la procédure de la bioaccumulation de substances caractérisant une pollution atmosphérique. Celle-ci repose sur l’utilisation de la variété de graminées Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum, dénommée ci-après ray-grass italien. Il s’agit d’une approche de biosurveillance active dans le sens où les organismes végétaux employés sont au préalable cultivés dans des conditions définies avant d’être exposés sur les sites de surveillance sur le terrain. Les plantes témoignent alors des évènements de pollution qui ont pu avoir lieu durant leur phase d’exposition, ce qui permet de dater avec précision ces événements. Le document spécifie une méthode d’identification et de localisation d’une ou plusieurs de sources ponctuelles de pollution et le suivi de leur "panache" à l’échelle locale ou régionale. La méthode décrite offre également un moyen de surveiller des sites sur le long terme par la répétition d’une procédure clairement définie et de décrire la situation locale ou régionale en matière de pollution atmosphérique. La méthode décrite dans le présent document est applicable aux substances gazeuses et solides qui se sont déposées sur les plantes, lesquelles peuvent accumuler les substances à leur surface ou dans leurs tissus. Ces substances incluent le soufre, les chlorures, les fluorures et en particulier les métaux, ainsi que les composés organiques et organohalogénés peu volatils tels que les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), les polychlorobinphényles (PCB), les polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE), les polychlorodibenzo-dioxines (PCDD) et les polychlorodibenzofuranes (PCDF). Il est également possible de contrôler la présence des pesticides utilisés dans les produits phytosanitaires. La gamme de substances potentielles peut être élargie en fonction de la tâche à accomplir et de la capacité à mener des analyses et une évaluation des substances à l’état de traces. La méthode décrite dans le présent document permet d’effectuer des comparaisons spatiales et temporelles et permet une recherche à large spectre des polluants, fournissant ainsi une première indication d’un risque. Les résultats des études de plants de ray-grass peuvent indiquer des risques pour le biote (par exemple, via la chaîne alimentaire) qui exigent de mener des études complémentaires. La méthode décrite dans le présent document ne remplace pas les méthodes physico-chimiques de mesurage direct, ni la modélisation des polluants atmosphériques et ne peut pas non plus être remplacée par celles-ci; elle les complète en indiquant des effets biologiques. Les domaines potentiels de déploiement sont: - les processus d’autorisation en lien avec la réglementation en matière de pollution atmosphérique; - la préservation de preuves en lien avec le code de protection contre la pollution; - la surveillance des sources d’émission et le contrôle des performances; - l’évaluation du transport d’émissions polluantes à l’échelle locale; - les preuves de causalité, par exemple en lien avec la responsabilité environnementale; - les plans/stratégies de préservation de la qualité de l’air; - la surveillance sur le long terme des effets écologiques des dépôts atmosphériques; - la détection et l’évaluation des effets des dépôts atmosphériques à l’échelle locale, régionale et nationale; - l’évaluation des risques pour les êtres humains et/ou les animaux via la chaîne alimentaire. Le présent document est destiné à tous les acteurs impliqués dans la surveillance environnementale.

Dieses Dokument gilt für die Verwendung des Grases Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum - nachfolgend als Italienisches Raygras bezeichnet - für die Bioakkumulation von Substanzen, die Luftverunreinigungen verursachen. Es handelt sich insofern um ein aktives Biomonitoringverfahren, da die verwendeten Pflanzen vor der Exposition an den Monitoringmesspunkten im Freiland zunächst unter vorgegebenen Bedingungen kultiviert werden. Die Pflanzen erfassen dann jegliche Verschmutzungsereignisse, die während ihrer Exposition auftreten, so dass solche Vorfälle genau datiert werden können. Das in diesem Dokument beschriebene Verfahren kann für die Ermittlung und Lokalisierung von einer oder mehreren Quellen von Schadstoffen sowie für die Nachverfolgung ihrer Schadstofffahne auf lokaler oder regionaler Ebene verwendet werden. Es ist zudem ein Instrument zur langfristigen Überwachung von Standorten durch wiederholte Anwendung eines klar definierten Verfahrens sowie zur Beschreibung der lokalen oder regionalen Luftverschmutzungslage. Das Verfahren ist für feste und gasförmige Substanzen anwendbar, die sich auf der Oberfläche von Pflanzen oder in deren Gewebestrukturen ablagern. Zu diesen Substanzen zählen Schwefel, Chlorid, Fluorid und insbesondere Metalle sowie langlebige organische und halogenierte organische Verbindungen wie polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAH), polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB), polybromierte Diphenylether (PBDE), polychlorierte Dibenzodioxine (PCDD) und polychlorierte Dibenzofurane (PCDF). Auch in Pflanzenschutzprodukten verwendete Pestizide können damit nachgewiesen werden. Das Spektrum an potenziell nachweisbaren Substanzen kann je nach anstehender Aufgabe und den Fähigkeiten zur Durchführung von Spurenanalysen und Beurteilungen ausgeweitet werden. Das in diesem Dokument beschriebene Verfahren ermöglicht räumliche und zeitliche Vergleiche sowie Screening zur Erkennung erster Anzeichen eines Risikos. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen an Graskulturen können auf Risiken für Biota hinweisen (z. B. über die Nahrungskette), die eine weitere Untersuchung erfordern. Das in diesem Dokument beschriebene Verfahren ersetzt physikalisch-chemische Verfahren zur direkten Messung oder die Modellierung von Luftschadstoffen nicht und kann im Gegenzug nicht durch sie ersetzt werden; es stellt vielmehr eine Ergänzung dieser Verfahren dar, indem es die biologischen Auswirkungen anzeigt. Potenzielle Einsatzgebiete sind: - Genehmigungsverfahren mit Bezug zur Gesetzgebung zu Luftverschmutzung; - Beweissicherungsverfahren im Immissionsschutz; - Überwachung von Emissionsquellen und Erfolgskontrolle; - Beurteilung des Transports von Emissionen auf lokaler Ebene; - Ursachenklärung, z. B. im Zusammenhang mit Umwelthaftungsregelungen; - Luftreinhaltepläne/-strategien; - Dauerbeobachtung der Umweltauswirkungen von atmosphärischer Immission; - Erkennung und Beurteilung der lokalen, regionalen und landesweiten Auswirkungen von atmosphärischer Immission; - Beurteilung der Risiken für Menschen und/oder Tiere über die Nahrungskette. Dieses Dokument richtet sich an Akteurinnen und Akteure im Umweltmonitoring.

ICS: 13.040.20-Ambient atmospheres
CTN: CEN/TC 264 - 6245

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