-50% discount* If you buy the same UNE standard in different languages. * Discount on the lower pvp.

ASTM E3361 - 22

Standard Guide for Estimating Natural Attenuation Rates for Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface

Warning: ASTM standards for reading are viewed through the client area. Thefilescannot be downloaded.
Edition date: 2022-10-01
In Force
Available languages: English
Summary:

Keywords: advection; biodegradation; biomarker; degassing; diffusion; dissolution; dynamic closed chamber; ebullition; reactive transport model; static trap; thermal gradient; volatilization;
Scope:

1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriate method or combination of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation or depletion rates at sites with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in the subsurface. This guide builds on a number of existing guidance documents worldwide and incorporates the advances in methods for estimating the natural attenuation rates.

1.2 The guide is focused on hydrocarbon chemicals of concern (COCs) that include petroleum hydrocarbons derived from crude oil (for example, motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils) and other hydrocarbon NAPLs (for example, creosote and coal tars). While much of what is discussed may be relevant to other organic chemicals, the applicability of the standard to other NAPLs, like chlorinated solvents or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is not included in this guide.

1.3 This guide is intended to evaluate the role of NAPL natural attenuation towards reaching the remedial objectives and/or performance goals at a specific site; and the selection of an appropriate remedy, including remediation through monitoring of natural or enhanced attenuation, or the remedy transition to natural mechanisms. While the evaluation can support some aspects of site characterization, the development of the conceptual site model and risk assessment, it is not intended to replace risk assessment and mitigation, such as addressing potential impact to human health or environment, or need for source control.

1.4 Estimation of NAPL natural attenuation rates in the subsurface relies on indirect measurements of environmental indicators and their variation in time and space. Available methods described in this standard are based on evaluation of biogeochemical reactions and physical transport processes combined with data analysis to infer and quantify the natural attenuation rates for NAPL present in the vadose and/or saturated zones.

1.5 The rate estimates can be used for developing metrics in the corrective action decision framework, complementing the LNAPL Conceptual Site Model (LCSM) (Guide E2531).

1.6 The emphasis in this guide is on the selection and application of methods for quantifying rates of NAPL depletion or attenuation. It is assumed that the remediation endpoint has been defined for the site based on the remedial objectives to address composition or saturation concerns as defined in ITRC (2018) (1).2 While the rates can be used to estimate the timeframe to reach the remediation endpoint under natural conditions, methods for estimating the total NAPL mass and timeframe are beyond the scope of this standard.

1.7 The users of this guide should be aware of the appropriate regulatory requirements that apply to sites where NAPL is present or suspected to occur. The user should consult applicable regulatory agency requirements to identify appropriate technical decision criteria and seek regulatory approvals, as necessary.

1.8 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for sites with NAPL in the subsurface. The guide supplements characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state, and local environmental programs, but it does not replace regulatory agency requirements.

1.9 SI units are primarily used in the standard, however, units more commonly used in the industry are also represented.

1.10 The guide is organized as follows:

1.10.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.

1.10.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.

1.10.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide.

1.10.4 Section 5 provides the conceptual model of natural attenuation processes and pathways.

1.10.5 Section 6 provides an overview and description of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation rates, including:

1.10.5.1 Description of methods and available technologies:

(1) CO2 efflux method

(2) Temperature gradient method

(3) Soil gas gradient method

(4) Groundwater monitoring method

(5) NAPL composition method

1.10.5.2 Screening or feasibility assessment of the method for the site conditions;

1.10.5.3 Background sources and correction methods;

1.10.5.4 Data interpretation, key considerations and challenges (for example, measurement frequency and locations and spatial/temporal averaging);

1.10.5.5 Applicability of methods for evaluating the performance of enhanced natural attenuation (bioremediation) systems;

1.10.5.6 Other method applications (for example, source delineation or estimating mass discharge rates).

1.10.6 Section 7 provides guidance on selection of a method or combination of methods applicable to site-specific conditions.

1.10.7 Section 8 provides example applications through case studies.

1.10.8 Section 9 lists keywords relevant to this guide.

1.10.9 Appendix X1 describes details of the CO2 Efflux Method.

1.10.10 Appendix X2 describes details of the Temperature Gradient Method.

1.10.11 Appendix X3 describes details of the Soil Gas Gradient Method.

1.10.12 Appendix X4 describes details of the Groundwater Monitoring Method.

1.10.13 Appendix X5 describes details of the NAPL Composition Method.

1.10.14 Appendix X6 provides details of case studies discussed in Section 8.

1.10.15 Appendix X7 provides example estimates of NAPL quantity.

1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ICS: 13.080.05-Examination of soils in general
CTN: E50.04 - E50.04

The book in the author's words

Ultricies magna feugiat malesuada sociosqu varius vivamus cubilia parturient, himenaeos vitae vehicula nam placerat netus urna platea, nostra rutrum felis mattis penatibus velit quisque.

Button
Frequently Asked Questions Do you have any questions about our products?
  • Standards UNE, EN, ISO, IEC, BSI, DIN, ASTM, AFNOR, IEEE, SAE
  • In addition, you can request the rules of the rest of the organizations through the e-mail normas@aenor.com
  • Technical books on paper and in electronic format (PDF, epub).

The standards can be purchased in PDF, reading or paper. The reading standards are not download files, they can only be viewed in the client area. The standards ordered on paper and some of the books in the catalogue are printed on demand. 

Check deadlines in normas@aenor.com.

The license of use is for one user and one device, if you want to reproduce the content of the standard, you must request a license that will have an additional cost. Send us your inquiry here 

The AENOR standards and books that appear in the online store can only be purchased exclusively through the website. AENOR does not have a physical store.

Purchase procedure: by clicking on "Buy" the desired products will go to the shopping cart. If there are display problems, the recommended browser is Chrome.

To formalize the purchase you must access the customer area. If you are not registered as a customer, you must fill in a form with the data along with a password and username. This will create the account.

Once the "Customer data" form has been completed, "Order in progress" will be displayed with all the items loaded in the shopping cart, their prices, taxes established in current legislation and shipping costs if applicable.

The prices of the standards and books that appear in the various sections do not include taxes or shipping costs.

AENOR promotional codes consist of alphanumeric characters and can only be applied to online purchases, received through a specific offer and for a limited time. To apply your promotional code, you just have to enter it in step 2 of 4 of the purchase process on the website and click on "apply", after you have identified yourself and chosen the payment methods. Promo codes are not cumulative.

 

  • Credit or debit card (Visa, Mastercard) and PayPal.
  • Bank transfer. If you opt for this form of payment, you must first send AENOR a copy of the transfer by email to normas@aenor.com
  • The purchase invoice can be downloaded from the customer area, in my previous orders

In the case of clients of companies based abroad, the taxpayer identification number of the corresponding country (for example, in Argentina the CUIT), must be filled in the CIF/NIF - VAT field .

  • Direct download via the website in the Customer Area. In the customer area, which can only be accessed with a password and username, the products purchased will be available for a period of fifteen days from the date of purchase, as long as the payment has been accepted. Files in digital format are protected and in no case editable. Before purchasing them, it is important that the license of use is read and accepted as a prior step to purchase.
  • Shipping by courier. Products purchased on physical media are shipped by courier. The maximum delivery time in Spanish territory, from the acceptance of the order by AENOR, is:
  •  Approximately seven working days for all standards purchased through the store in paper format.
  • Approximately three days for books purchased through the store. Stocks of paper books are limited and their offer on the website does not imply availability within the indicated period. In the event that the requested book is not available, the customer is notified of the delay in receiving the order, which will be approximately seven working days. 

For the rest of the products that are not on the website, check availability and delivery time at normas@aenor.com.

1. For digital products (PDF, Epub), once delivery has been made by direct download via the website in the Customer Area, you will not have the right to exercise your right of withdrawal.

2. For personalised products on paper, once the purchase has been made, you will not have the right to exercise your right of withdrawal.

3.  For all other paper products, you have the right to withdraw from the sale within 14 calendar days from the date of purchase. Remember that for the return it is essential that the product is in perfect condition, sealed by the packaging and preserving its original packaging. The customer will be responsible for pickup and shipping costs.

The order invoice includes shipping costs, so there is no amount to pay to the courier. Shipping costs are calculated based on both the final destination of the order and the number of products ordered. They include transport and packaging costs. Shipping costs are subject to periodic revisions. Outlet books will have free shipping costs only if the shipment is made in the Peninsula.

Destination Up to three standards and/or publications From three standards and/or publications
Peninsula 7,31€ 8,60€
Balearic Islands 18,04€ 23,34€
Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla  18,04€ 23,34€
Europe 59,17€ 80,07€
United States and Canada 70,07€ 96,94€
Rest of the world 91,94€ 115,91€
  • Purchases made by residents of the Member States of the European Union will be subject to the payment of VAT (value added tax).
  • ​​
  • In the case of legal persons and natural persons who, acting as entrepreneurs, are domiciled in a Member State of the European Union (except residents in Spain) and have an intra-community NIF/VAT registered in the VIES census, they will be exempt from paying VAT, being an essential condition the sending of this document by email to normas@aenor.com.
  • Purchases made in a private capacity (natural person), regardless of where they have their residence, will be subject to the payment of VAT.
  • Purchases made by entities in non-EU countries will be exempt from paying VAT, as long as they send the corresponding tax residence document by email to normas@aenor.com.
  • The sale operations will be understood to have been carried out at AENOR's registered office: Génova 6, 28004, Madrid – Spain. 

The contract for the purchase of products through this Website shall be governed by Spanish law. Any dispute arising out of or in connection with the use of the Website or such contract shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts and Tribunals of Madrid.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are entering into this contract as a consumer under the terms of Royal Decree 1/2007, nothing in this clause shall affect the rights that may be granted to you as such under applicable law.